Introduction
Utilizing tissue engineering techniques, now it is possible to regenerate dying tissues and organs inside the body, re grow blood vessels, heal wounds or fix an adamant fracture, grow new cartilage or even death of malignant cells that have gone on a multiplication rampage.
A novel approach to modulating cell proliferation and apoptosis in living tissues is provided by Rotational Field Quantum Magnetic Resonance (RFQMR) beams/rays. The "Cytotron" is used to accomplish RFQMR (Figure 1). The cytotron looks like a modified magnetic resonance imaging equipment. The CYTOTRON-RTE-6040-864GEN is a patented, CE-marked device (U.S. Patent 9162076 B2 given 20/10 2015; European Patent EP 175350831, awarded 3/11/2015; Chinese Patent issued 2010, 09/08). It was created by Scalene Cybernetics Ltd in Bengaluru, India. In degenerative disorders like arthritis, this customized MRI equipment may aid in cartilage regeneration. It may also kill cancer cells in several different cancers. The machine features a plethora of cannons arranged along 9 axes (designated A to I). These computer-controlled cannons fire pulsed R.F. and M.R. beams of quantum physics. The patient will lie on a moveable platform like a standard MRI machine. It's a full-body, wide-bore weapon with 864 guns and a parabolic reflector delivery system that uses specialist near-field antennas (K- μ ferrite type; near-field; gain; 10 dB). In the lower end of the electromagnetic spectrum, RFQMR generates multi-frequency, high-energy, spinning quantum electromagnetic beams at sub-Radio along with near-Radio Frequencies. Radiofrequency magnetic resonance beams are all needed for this therapy, so it's painless, non-invasive, and safe.
At this particular frequency, the intensity is quite low and thus does not effect the temperature of the tissues. The prescribed radiofrequency waves have a direct action on the cartilage cells. The computer is programmed to deliver a specific dose of R.F. beams from 1KHz to 100MHz in a magnetic field that targets the cartilage tissues using a special antenna.1 Before RFQMR therapy, a 2D proton density sequencing of the target tissue (tumor/cartilage) is gained utilizing MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). The dosimetry of the RFQMR beams is based on the proton density of target tissues. The software identifies the proton density data of all tissues from the skin to the target, and the dosimetry of RFQMR beams from individual guns generated is controlled. The computer plans the dosages in a sequence that it determines autonomously. For each different kind of tissue, the dosimetry process must be repeated. A laser guide pointing device allows for pinpoint beam focussing on the target area.
One of the recognized cellular signalling channels is transmembrane potential (TMP). The timely synthesis of numerous proteins in living cells is likewise controlled by TMP pathways. The hypothesis proposes that alterations to the spin-lattice of the hydrogen atoms in the molecular structure of the cell wall and the DNA inside may affect many factors involved in the control of the mitotic process (cell division and cell death). By these mechanisms, it effectively treats cancer by apoptosis of tumor cells1 and osteoarthritis by mitosis.2 Results in osteoarthritis prompt us to think about applying RFQMR to enhance the mandibular condylar cartilage growth in skeletal class II situations and thus increase mandibular growth.
Materials and Methods
Information sources
Electronic databases were searched systematically, including PubMed as well as Google Scholar. The selection process was limited to articles first published in English.
Searches
A search has been done through PubMed along with Google Scholar to find significant studies using keywords given in Table 1.
Eligibility criteria and study selection
The "included" as well as "excluded" criteria were listed out. (Table 2). Publications were not considered for inclusion if they did not satisfy all inclusion criteria.
Table 2
Eligibility criteria for study selection
Results
Literature flow
Forty studies were found in the first electronic search. The entire texts of 38 papers were reviewed after their titles and abstracts had been screened for relevance. Only 3 of them were deemed appropriate for inclusion in the evaluation. The summary of the data extracted from the selected articles is shown in Figure 2.
Results of included studies
Rotational Field Quantum Magnetic Resonance (RFQMR) is a technology that is made to deliver highly complex quantum electromagnetic beams in the sub-radio and near-radio frequency spectrum. The beams may be focused precisely on targeted tissues to produce a variety of voltage potentials in real-time. Table 3 presents an overview of the information obtained from the chosen articles and the excluded articles are listed in Table 4.
Table 3
The characteristics of included studies
Table 4
Excluded studies
|
Article |
Reason |
|
Ciombor et al3 |
Animal study |
|
Ganesan et al4 |
Review |
|
Vavken et al5 |
Meta analysis |
|
Ozgüçlü E et al6 |
Device Elettronica Pagani used |
|
Jansen JH et al7 |
Device Ortho-pulse®II |
|
Shen WW et al8 |
Animal study |
|
Warntjes JB et al9 |
Use other than treatment of osteoarthritis and cancer |
|
Mentes et al10 |
Use other than treatment of osteoarthritis and cancer |
|
Gupta A et al11 |
Use other than treatment of osteoarthritis and cancer |
|
Jasti AC et al12 |
Use other than treatment of osteoarthritis and cancer |
|
Sutbeyaz ST et al13 |
Use other than treatment of osteoarthritis and cancer |
|
Saggini R et al14 |
Magnetotherapy device -BodyMag |
|
Külcü et al15 |
Device other than cytotron |
|
Pipitone et al16 |
Device other than cytotron |
|
Van Nguyen et al17 |
Review |
|
Sun et al18 |
Animal study |
|
Ghibelli et al19 |
In vitro study |
|
Matte et al20 |
In vitro study |
|
Yamamoto et al21 |
Animal study |
|
Mollon et al22 |
Meta analysis |
|
Forosh et al23 |
Animal study |
|
Bobacz et al24 |
In vitro study |
|
Tofani et al25 |
Animal study |
|
Yamaguchi et al26 |
Animal study |
|
Fini et al27 |
Review |
|
Stern et al28 |
Review |
|
Ibey et al29 |
In vitro study |
|
McLeod et al30 |
In vitro study |
|
Aaron et al31 |
Review |
|
Shupak32 |
Review |
|
Rohde et al33 |
Use other than treatment of osteoarthritis and cancer |
|
Martin Blank et al34 |
Review |
|
Bassett et al35 |
Use other than treatment of osteoarthritis and cancer |
|
Binder et al36 |
Use other than treatment of osteoarthritis and cancer |
|
Choi et al37 |
Use other than treatment of osteoarthritis and cancer |
|
Sintea et al38 |
Use other than treatment of osteoarthritis and cancer |
Vasishta et al. studied the impacts of RFQMR in treating osteoarthritis. By decreasing pain, increasing joint mobility, and initiating regeneration of damaged chondrocytes, RFQMR breaks the vicious cycle. One hour of daily RFQMR treatment on both knees for 21 days was utilized to treat 35 individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Dynamometry and the knee society scoring system assessed their progress before, during, and after therapy. This research showed that patients with osteoarthritis with RFQMR therapy experienced less pain, more knee mobility, stability, power, and a more normal quality of life. After a month of follow-up, the results were stable.2
The same findings were shown by Vasishta et al. in another similar study. 195 individuals with bilateral knee osteoarthritis (OA) were evaluated by The knee society clinical grading system. For 21 days, the subject's knees were treated with multi-frequency narrow-focused quantum magnetic resonance for 30 minutes a day using the Cytotron machine. At three months, the cartilage thickness had significantly increased in both knees, from 0.64 mm (±0.02) before treatment to 0.88 mm (±0.07) and from 0.65 mm (±0.02) to 0.89 mm (±0.05), respectively (p< 0.001) (Figure 3). When evaluated after three months, the progress still held. Quantum magnetic resonance beam therapy was beneficial in reducing O.A. symptoms and stimulating chondrocytes into regeneration activity, as measured by increased cartilage thickness.39
In patients with a pathologically established diagnosis of cancer, solid tumors, and declared terminally ill, Ranjit Kumar et al. employed a very similar patented system that used the RFQMR waves. After the initial screening, a total of 98 individuals were enrolled. The most prevalent cancer in the research was breast cancer, involving two primary instances without metastases. RFQMR exposure was 28 days, with 1 hour each day. Eighty-six (88%) of the patients who started the trial completed it. Forty out of eighty-six (47%) patients who received treatment were still alive 12 months later; when 0% was the predicted survival. Twenty-two patients, or 26%, lived for six months beyond the study's original end date when the projected survival rate was 0%. A total of 31 patients survived the completion of the research. Of the 86 patients who had finished treatment, 51 patients (59 percent) reported for the initial review one month after QMRT had finished. The magnetic resonance imaging results for 36 (71%) of these 51 patients did not demonstrate any interval change, worsening, or rise in tumor size, suggesting a persistent change in disease. Tumor shrinkage was reported in 4 (8%) patients at the time of the initial evaluation, whereas tumor progressed in 22% of patients over this observation period. Life expectancy, quality of life, and arrest of tumor growth were all enhanced by radiofrequency-mediated QMRT.1 From now on, the rate at which cells divide or die in living tissues may be manipulated using rotational field quantum magnetic resonance (RFQMR).
Discussion
It has been shown that exposure to electromagnetic fields may have a broad range of physiological impacts on different cell types and tissues. Examples of disorders in which pulsed electromagnetic fields have been employed for therapy include osteoarthritis,3, 4, 5, 6 osteoporosis,7, 8 multiple sclerosis,40, 9 wound healing,10, 11, 12 fibromyalgia,13 tendonitis and pain.14 Patients with other chronic degenerative illnesses, for example osteoarthritis (OA) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) have benefited from using RFQMR in a clinical trial settings.
In the sub-radio and near-radio frequency range, RFQMR is designed to provide a very complex quantum electromagnetic beam pattern with precise external command and control.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disorder that primarily affects the articular cartilage, which is most prevalent in weight-bearing joints and the fingers. The chondroblastic layer is continually replenished in order to maintain a supply of hyaline cartilage for use as a protective cap on long bones and the inner surface of the patella in the knee joint. As long as the joint is moving, this mechanism will be engaged. The cartilage lining the ends of the knee's articulating bones becomes worn down with time. The early beginning of degenerative change is caused by overuse, frequent impact, and trauma. Because chondroblast’s regeneration potential diminishes with age and sedentary lifestyle, osteoarthritis progresses rapidly in older people. As the cartilage deteriorates, joint discomfort worsens, leading to decreased mobility, leading to the weakening of the supporting muscles and an increase in stress on the afflicted joint. The chondrocytes are activated and the regeneration process is initiated by RFQMR, which reduces pain and improves joint mobility by causing a spin in the hydrogen atoms within the cell and establishing a streaming potential inside the extracellular matrix.2
Placing a weight on the joint, compresses the cartilage and thereby displaces the fluid with in the cell, carrying with it mobile ions, sodium ions and leaves behind the negatively charged proteoglycan carboxyl and sulfate ions. As a result of the de-neutralization of negative charges, an electric potential is created known as the Streaming Potential. Joints damaged by illness or trauma may benefit from RFQMR's restorative benefits since the Streaming Potential can be recreated using RFQMR.2
The effect of streaming potential on cartilage tissue is as follows.
At rest, the extracellular cartilage matrix is characterized by a balance between hydrogen protons and negative charge carriers. As a result, there is no resting regeneration and no streaming potential.
During natural regeneration, a Streaming Potential is generated within the extracellular matrix as a result of load bearing, the result of the active outflow of hydrogen protons and the efflux of fixed negatively charged fluid from cartilage tissue.
Because of the change in QMR spin in the hydrogen atoms, the regeneration of cartilage induced by RFQMR generates a streaming voltage potential flow in the joint, stimulating chondrocytes in the extracellular matrix.
Since treatment of malignancies is not in the preview of this article and since this is an essential feature, a very brief description of the mechanism of action of the
ytotron device in this aspect is described. Dosimetry allows for the exact focusing of extremely complex electromagnetic beams in the 30 kHz to 300 MHz radio frequency range on specific tissues in order to alter their membrane potential. It affects the development of solid tumors by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death). Differences in ion concentration between the interior and outside of a cell generate an electrochemical force across the membrane, known as the membrane potential (Vm). Typically, a healthy cell's membrane potential will be between -70 and -90 mV. Various studies have demonstrated significant membrane potential depolarization during the malignant transformation of normal cells. The membrane potentials could be “artificially modified” to prevent tumor growth and inhibit metastasis. Studies have shown that tumor cells are more susceptible to apoptosis after exposure to Magnetic Resonance. The p53/p73 driven protein-signaling pathway was responsible in this case. Treatment of malignant lesions has shown that the Cytotron can induce controlled changes of the transmembrane potential to modify cellular activity and impact cellular command and control.1
Orthodontic Implications
The orthodontic implications of this untouched science of RFQMR could create an immeasurable change in functional therapy.
It could be very beneficial in treating skeletal class II situations where mandibular growth stimulation is required, especially in growing patients. Today it is a proven fact that this unique treatment modality has successfully treated osteoarthritis patients by enhancing the growth of the cartilage in the knee joint. Various investigations have demonstrated that the cartilaginous growth has been enhanced by 0.3mm in just 21 days with this treatment.39 This outcome can directly be compared to the increase of approximately 1.9 mm in mandibular length as reported in most studies with functional appliance therapy with the twin block appliance lasting for an average of 15 months of treatment duration.41 Thus, the rationale would be that if the RFQMR could increase cartilage growth in adults, it could probably ensure better results in the condylar cartilage of young, growing patients.
The various treatment sequences possible by combining the RFQMR and functional therapy are several:
The RFQMR could be targeted directly on the condylar cartilage. If successful, then it would eliminate the need for complex functional appliances.
It could be combined with functional therapy.
It could be considered post-functional therapy, especially if the results were unexpected.
It could help patients requiring mandibular advancement in the post-pubertal stages.
It could be an adjunct in non-co-operative patients with functional appliances.
While using RFQMR with functional appliance therapy, the main thing to be noted is the appliance design. Since the cytotron is a modified MRI machine, the usage of metal components in the appliance has to be avoided. Hence, a fixed twin-block appliance with upper and lower bite blocks cemented would be the choice (Figure 4).
These various sequelae, which work best, must be tested and proven with time. One of the discrete features of the RFQMR is target specificity. The R.F. waves are programmed to act exactly at the requirement site, bone or cartilage. Thus, its capabilities would need to be time tested and proved in other fields of dentistry like bone regeneration and TMJ disorders.
Conclusion
Patients with osteoarthritis report considerable subjective and objective improvement after receiving RFQMR treatment, allowing them to resume normal life activities. The results suggest that this non-surgical, non-invasive therapy is a landmark treatment for OA, potentially reversing the osteoarthritis disease process. Also, stabilizing the disease in cancer patients by arresting tumor progression in a very unique way is a break through. Its implications in orthodontics would be very useful in functional therapy, and its capabilities need to be time-tested and proven.
Article DOI
