Introduction
The basic indication of any diagnostic procedure is to diagnose whether a particular condition is present or not in a subject.1 Even though incredible changes were noticed about the prevalence and extent of oral health conditions, dental caries pursue to be the most widespread oral disease and major public oral health issue.2 So, modifications of the preventive and therapeutic approaches are required. Hence, it begins with properly assessing the existence and severity of the lesion.1 Caries risk patients can be identified when an accurate caries detection and classification is used and it also helps in identification of enamel lesions detection. According to which a non-operative treatment can be planned.1
A various data collection methods have been proposed in recent years to identify caries in individual and group.1 The methods such as International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), Decayed-missing-filled (WHO-DMFT), Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST), Specific Caries Index (SCI) and Nyvad Criteria are used recently and mostly.
The Decayed-Missing-Filled (DMF) is the most common method used for assessing and measuring dental caries prevalence among population. The method was developed by WHO. The diagnostic criteria for the decayed tooth component (D/d) in the DMF method is cavitated dentine lesion.3 The pre-cavitation stages are excluded from the measurement of the caries lesion. The advantage of this method is easy to apply and has a high level of reproducibility.3
In 2001, The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) were developed. It allows clinicians to measure different stages of caries lesion. ICDAS II was developed in 2009.4 The ICDAS is a two digit coding method; for caries, first digit denotes the surface condition and second denotes the caries progression. Treatment needs are not included in this criteria.5
The Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST) instrument was developed combining both ICDAS II and WHO-DMFT methods.6 The CAST method codes for sound teeth, sealant, restoration, and also different stages of caries progression. It is used both surface as well as tooth level. Severity of the lesions determines the code.7
The Nyvad Criteria was proposed in 1999.8 Based on a visual–tactile caries classification, it enables in the detection severity of caries lesions and the activity. The caries is classified into nine stages: Non cavitated to cavitated and sound to active or inactive.9
The Specific Caries Index (SCI) was proposed by Acharya in 2006. It is used along with the DMFS index. It is based on the G.V.Black’s classification of caries. Quantitative and qualitative data about caries location, prevalence, and type of caries lesion in an individual can be obtained using this method. The SCI score for an individual is calculated by adding the individual tooth scores.10
The disadvantage of DMFT is that it underestimates the occurrence of lesions even though it is the fastest method to apply. But, ICDAS is high time consuming criteria; it provides detailed information on severity of caries. CAST can be used to obtain information about disease distribution, lesion severity and preventive.1 In the study conducted by Acharya, SIC index has shown good reliability and validity.10
The previous studies has been conducted either in primary or permanent dentition. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the ICDAS, the CAST, the DMF, the Nyvad criteria and the SCI with respect to their ability in identification of caries in the individuals from six to twelve years of age and also the time required for recording each indices.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted at Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry at Yenepoya Dental College.
47 children from Mangalore in the age group of 6-12 years visiting department of Pedodontics, Yenepoya dental college was selected. Prior to the commencement of the study, signed consent forms were collected from parents, followed by clearance from the ethical committee (Protocol number: YEC2/397).
Examinations were performed on a dental unit under adequate light conditions. Before evaluation oral prophylaxis was done in all children to remove calculus and plaque. Then clinical examination was done using a mouth mirror and WHO probe to detect caries lesion. While using ICDAS method, compressed air syringe was used to dry the tooth. For Nyvad Criteria, an explorer was used to assess the lesion surface. Examination began in the following order; first the posterior most right maxillary teeth then left maxillary teeth, and then left mandibular teeth and finally right mandibular teeth. The time spent for each assessment method was calculated, from the first noted code to the last recorded code. The mean time spent for carrying out all examinations of each method were calculated and compared.
For the WHO-DMFT, a tooth was recorded as decayed only if a cavity had a softened floor and wall; all pre-cavitated caries stages were considered sound.
For the ICDAS, the two-digit codes for each tooth surface were recorded: first digit represents the tooth surface condition and the second digit represents, for the caries stage assessment. (Table 1 and Table 2)
For the CAST, among ten codes was recorded. (Table 3)
For the Nyvad Criteria, coding was based on the tooth surface condition. Lesion considered as active when gentle probing of enamel is dull and rough, on the other hand it is considered as inactive when the lesion appears glossy and smooth on probing (Table 4).
For the SCI, all teeth were recorded and were given score from 0 to 6 according to the site of involvement of caries. (Table 5)
All the outcomes were recorded for each caries measurement method of all 48 children in separate recording sheet. Descriptive statistics were calculated. For all analyses, tooth will be considered as the unit. The maximum value recorded per tooth was considered at the surface level.
Examination outcomes were recorded in excel sheet. SPSS was used for statistical analysis. All the data were presented in tabular forms. The statistical comparison of mean difference between the 5 caries measurement methods was done using one-way ANOVA / Chi Square test.
Table 1
ICDAS codes according to the dental conditions
Table 2
ICDAS codes for determination of the condition of each individual tooth
Table 3
CAST index codes and criteria
Table 4
Nyvad’s criteria
Table 5
SCI
Result
The sample consisted of 47 children (53.19% males and 46.80% females, age range 6–12 y).
Table 6
CHI-square test
The sample distribution regarding tooth conditions according to the, ICDAS, WHO-DMFT, CAST, Nyvad Criteria and SCI is shown in Table 6. The percentage of sound teeth recorded using the five methods was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), with the SCI showing the highest value (75%) and the ICDAS the lowest (69.56%). Statistics regarding distinct/active lesions were compared among, the ICDAS, the CAST, the Nyvad Criteria, the WHO-DMFT and SCI; the values measured using the five methods were statistically significant (p < 0.05), with the SCI the highest (21.01%) and the ICDAS and the CAST showing the lowest (9.05% and 9.51%, respectively). Statistically significant differences were observed for lesion involving pulp. Details about fillings showed statistical difference but missing teeth for caries did not show any significant difference. The presence of sealant showed no statistically significant difference among the five methods.
Discussion
The goal of Caries scoring method is recording standardized, consistent data by evaluating the tooth condition and it provides information that may be useful for researchers, epidemiologist and clinicians.11
Nowadays, carious lesion management is based on a non-operative approach;12 therefore, the caries detection criteria that include early injuries and non-cavitated lesions will be of greater advantage, especially when it is used in populations with low prevalence of the disease.
The methods used in this study were proposed for different objective in distinct years and they have different strengths, weakness and used in same context.
WHO-DMFT is the most used and preferable method in epidemiological surveys because of its simplicity and limited time-consuming application.13 This index has a drawback such as it does not record the early white spot lesions,14 No specific codes for recording enamel lesions, difficulty in differentiating caries lesions in dentin that can be restored,15 it doesn’t provide any data about the caries stage, restoration used and penetration depth of the tooth. It only reflects a number that denotes the surfaces or teeth which are decayed, missed, or filled.
The ICDAS method has great advantages, which includes high accuracy rate, since the coding is based on the lesion’s various stages, it helps the clinicians and researchers to differentiate the different stages of the caries process.1 It is clinically reliable in permanent teeth and also valid in primary teeth. It was put forward to detect various stages of carious Sequelae. It also proved reliable for use in clinical trials where the effectiveness of carious control agents was evaluated. According to the study conducted by Diniz et al. in 2009 concluded that ICDAS has good precision and reproducibility in detecting occlusal caries.16 Shoaib et al. 2009 concluded that ICDAS has a reliable validity and reproducibility when used for primary molar teeth.17
The CAST applies to all stages of enamel lesions.18 The only purpose of CAST index is that it is used in epidemiological study. According to the study conducted by De Souza Al in 2014 to investigate CAST index validity and concluded that the cast index can be effectively used in epidemiological studies.15 Limitation of the CAST is that it does not address the lesion activity.
Nyvad’s criteria are the first classification system for determination of lesion activity. Each score depicts assessment of different lesion activity. The Nyvad Criteria method is useful in order to control the activity of the disease in high risk patients and it also helps clinicians to decide the most appropriate treatment plan. The method might be a supportive tool for evaluating and planning population-based preventive programs.16
SCI was proposed with an objective provide quantitative and qualitative information about dental caries. It gives data regarding the location and type of caries lesion on clinical examination. It gives the same criteria for caries detection as that of DMF. Drawback of this criterion is its inability to provide data useful for treatment planning and also, the lack of information for assessing root caries.10
Comparing the five methods is not simple, since their different scores regarding both the restoration given and the lesion stage. For example, score for the absence of the lesion (sound tooth), data show a difference in the number but not statistically significant this may be credited to the small population. This result was acceptable, as the WHO-DMFT considers pre-cavitated stages of the caries lesions as sound, while they are considered as affected in the other methods.6
Nowadays, the non-invasive procedure is considered as the best clinical treatment for child, so planning at early stage for caries prevention is necessary and the index can provide a valuable source for deciding the plan. Therefore, assessing the lesion only at a dentinal cavitated stage (the WHO-DMFT method) can be prevented.
The caries progression rate is not yet estimated by any method; but, the activity of the lesion is included in Nyvad Criteria, it reflects the demineralisation, which can be used as substitute lesion progression.
According to the application time, ICDAS and CAST were more time-consuming and laborious in nature than other methods. This may be due to the fact that ICDAS was the only methods in which caries lesions were detected in enamel after drying the teeth. The SCI method showed a lesser time may be due to its criteria of noticing the site of the caries only and giving a score to the tooth.
The limitation of this study is that only small population was selected. The age group mostly represented a mixed dentition period, where a false scoring is possible. For instance, a 2nd primary molar with caries and pre-shedding mobility in child of age 11 is indicated for extraction, which means it’s the ‘M’ component of DMF index but in other methods it goes for a caries score, which means the caries prevalence will be different if more tooth is present with same findings in different indices used.
One of the strengths of the present study is that it provides an insight into the caries prevalence in the age group of 6-12years using 5 different methods of caries index and also an idea about using of preferred method for different instance.
Conclusion
From the outcomes of the present study we come to conclusion that a common language for caries detection is ambiguous especially when the comparison is made and that too in mixed dentition period. A certain amount of similarity is present among all the method. Important factors to be considered by clinician and researchers are severity and activity of caries lesion. A common method in caries identification is important when different methods are compared.
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