Biochemical and Microbial Profile of Saliva in Children with Black Extrinsic Tooth Stains

Authors: Sudha P, Sapna Konde

DOI: 10.18231/j.ijohd.12662.1937277689

Keywords: Black stain, children, Dental caries, Saliva.

Abstract: Background: Black stain (BS) is a type of extrinsic discoloration seen in children, often along the cervical third of teeth. Though BS is linked to chromogenic bacteria and has been associated with lower caries prevalence, its aetiology is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate salivary mineral composition and bacterial profile of children with BS. Methodology: Oral examination was conducted on 240 children aged between 3–14 years. Salivary levels of copper, iron, sodium, calcium, and phosphorus were analyzed in children with and without BS. Bacterial profiling involved culture techniques and identification via VITEK® 2 and 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: Children with BS showed significantly higher salivary copper and lower iron and sodium levels. Actinomyces species, including A. israelii and S. odontolytica, predominated the bacterial profile. Cariogenic microorganisms were less prevalent. Conclusion: High copper and Actinomyces dominance may contribute to the lower caries risk in children with BS, suggesting a protective role.